LISTING 1

• physical impacts on ecosystems;
• visual impact;
• disturbance of cultural heritage (archaeological and historical remains)
• habitat loss;
• habitat fragmentation;
• species movements and disturbance of populations;
• introduction of invasive alien species; and
• increased run-off from surface areas (contamination by petro-chemicals).

Initial construction often leads to ribbon development or additional construction with increasing cumulative effects

1. the generation of electricity where the electricity output is more than 10 megawatts but less than 20 megawatts;

• physical impacts on ecosystems;
• visual impacts; and
• disturbance of cultural heritage.

Once the facility is constructed, impacts of generating electricity may occur. Different methods of generating electricity will have different impacts.

• A coal-based facility may result in significant air pollution.
• A hydroelectric facility (using water by building a dam or diverting a stream) will impact on stream flows.
• A wind-based facility (based on wind turbines or windmills), could cause visual impacts.
• Power lines for carrying the electricity may result in bird deaths through collisions/electrocutions.

2. the above ground storage of 1 000 tons or more but less than 100 000 tons of ore;

3. the storage of 250 tons or more but less than 100 000 tons of coal;

4. resorts, lodges, hotels or other tourism and hospitality facilities in a protected area contemplated in the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003);

• disturbance of cultural resources,
• harm to species and ecosystems from pre, during and post construction phases.
• Ongoing degradation from human impacts may occur, especially if tourists behave irresponsibly or if facilities are built inappropriately (i.e. inadequate waste/sewage management facilities, catering for too many visitors, construction in pristine areas which destroys the natural value of the area, increased demand for more services/infrastructure such as electricity).
• Additional impacts on ecosystems may occur from the construction of roads and other infrastructure to transport people and goods.

5. any purpose where lawns, playing fields or sports tracks covering an area of more than three hectares, but less than 10 hectares, will be established;

• disturbance/destruction of cultural resources;
• harm to species and ecosystems from pre, during and post construction phases.

Ongoing degradation from human impacts may occur especially if spectators behave irresponsibly or if facilities are built inappropriately (including inadequate waste/sewage management facilities, catering for too many visitors, building in pristine areas which destroys the natural value of the area, and an increased demand for services/infrastructure eg electricity).

Additional impacts on ecosystem may result from the construction of roads and other infrastructure to transport people and goods. Loss of habitats, especially as such facilities are often located in pristine areas.

As above but additional impacts of water pollution may result from the use of pesticides and fertilizers on the facitlites.

6. sport spectator facilities with the capacity to hold 8 000 spectators or more;

Additional impacts may include a reduction in public open space, light pollution if facilities are used at night, and increased impacts to plant and animal habitat from increased human activity in the area.

Construction of roads and infrastructure to transport people and goods to and from the facility, water provision, waste management and sewerage during use of facility may also result in impacts.

7. the slaughter of animals with a product throughput of 10 000 kilograms or more per year;

• • diseases and pests resulting from improper handling of animal by-products;
  • contamination of surrounding ecosystems by chemicals for cleaning equipment if not disposed of properly;
  • demand for supporting road infrastructure due to the transportation of animals to the facility and dead flesh from the facility;
  • increased demand for water and power usage for cleaning/processing/refrigeration; and
  • increased smell and noise pollution.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   1. 20 square metres per head of cattle and more than 500 head of cattle per facility per year;

• • ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
  • disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
  • control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
  • odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
  • water usage for feeding/cleaning.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   2. eight square meters per sheep and more than 1 000 sheep per facility per year;

• ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
• disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
• control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
• odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
• water usage for feeding/cleaning.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   3. eight square metres per pig and more than 250 pigs per facility per year excluding piglets that are not yet weaned;

• ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
• disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
• control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
• odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
• water usage for feeding/cleaning.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   4. 30 square metres per crocodile at any level of production, excluding crocodiles younger than 6 months;

• ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
• disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
• control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
• odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
• water usage for feeding/cleaning.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   5. three square metres per head of poultry and more than 250 poultry per facility at any time, excluding chicks younger than 20 days;

• ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
• disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
• control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
• odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
• water usage for feeding/cleaning.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   6. three square metres per rabbit and more than 250 rabbits per facility at any time;

• ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
• disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
• control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
• odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
• water usage for feeding/cleaning.

8. the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed
   7. 100 square metres per ostrich and more than 50 ostriches per facility per year or 2500 square metres per breeding pair;

• ecosystem transformation/degradation from overgrazing/improper land management;
• disturbance of sensitive habitats/species;
• control of waste products, associated diseases, pests, chemicals from cleaning could contaminate surrounding ecosystems;
• odour impacts to surrounding inhabitants; and
• water usage for feeding/cleaning.

9. aquaculture production, including mariculture and algae farms, with a product throughput of 10 000 kilograms or more per year;

In addition, there is a high potential of genetic mixing with wild populations of organisms thereby weakening wild populations and making them more susceptible to disease.

Other impacts may include:

• pollution of surrounding water by runoff from freshwater aquaculture farm operations and by chemicals, medications and surplus fish feed used on capture populations;
• intertidal and offshore habitat degradation from pollution/development of production facilities;
• impacts from transport infrastructure associated with the facility;
• reduced public access to the coast by development of private facilities; and
• visual impacts of facilities developed in coastal areas.

A strong possibility of disease introduction to wild populations also exists.

10. agri-industrial purposes, outside areas with an existing land use zoning for industrial purposes, that cover an area of 1 000 square metres or more;

• physical impacts on ecosystems due to habitat alteration or destruction;
• visual impact of the facility or infrastructure; and
• disturbance of cultural heritage (archaeological and historical remains).

11. the bulk transportation of sewage and water, including storm water, in pipelines with
    1. an internal diameter of 0,36 metres or more; or
    2. a peak throughput of 120 litres per second or more;

• physical impact on ecosystems, including habitat destruction;
• impact on the ecosystem at the final waste disposal site (i.e. storm water drains and sewage pipes often empty out directly into the sea without processing, causing severe pollution impacts on coastal/marine resources);
• water pollution from seepage of pollution out of damaged pipes; and
• increase in unpleasant smells associated with the project.

12. the transmission and distribution of electricity above ground with a capacity of more than 33 kilovolts and less than 120 kilovolts;

• collision and electrocution of birds thorough interaction with powerlines; and
• visual impacts from the powerlines.

Required maintenance of powerlines may cause additional impacts (i.e. mowing of vegetation under the lines to prevent fire hazards).

13. any purpose in the one in ten year flood line of a river or stream, or within 32 metres from the bank of a river or stream where the flood line is unknown, excluding purposes associated with existing residential use, but including –
    1. canals;
    2. channels;
    3. bridges;
    4. dams; and
    5. weirs;

Large-scale impacts from dams on downstream environments include:

• Interruption of the natural flow of rivers leads to drying out of wetlands and the sedimentation of downstream ponds, rivers, and lakes thereby reducing essential ecosystem services.
• Increased danger to downstream inhabitants both in terms of drought and flooding if the dam wall breaks.

Dams/weirs also present physical barriers to organisms (especially juvenile water birds).

Increased water pooling can provide habitat for insects carrying disease and could increase malaria/bilharzia.

14. the off-stream storage of water, including dams and reservoirs, with a capacity of 50 000 cubic metres or more, unless such storage falls within the ambit of the activity listed in item 6 of Government Notice No. R. 387 of 2006;

15. the recycling, re-use, handling, temporary storage or treatment of general waste with a throughput capacity of 20 cubic metres or more daily average measured over a period of 30 days, but less than 50 tons daily average measured over a period of 30 days;

• odour from the facility;
• contamination of surrounding environment from inadequately stored waste (e.g. seepage of waste into groundwater and soil); and
• impacts from infrastructure for transporting waste to and from the facility (e.g. roads, pipelines which could leak).

In addition, there may be a decrease in property values adjacent to the storage site.

16. the temporary storage of hazardous waste;

Human, livestock and wildlife health may be affected by leakage and improper storage.

17. the landing, parking and maintenance of aircraft including –
    1. helicopter landing pads, excluding helicopter landing facilities and stops used exclusively by emergency services;
    2. unpaved aircraft landing strips shorter than 1,4km;
    3. structures for equipment and aircraft storage;
    4. structures for maintenance and repair;
    5. structures for fuelling and fuel storage; and
    6. structures for air cargo handling;

• destruction or degradation of the surrounding habitat and ecosystems from the site and supporting infrastructure development;
• water, air, and soil pollution from maintenance activities (fuel and oil spillage etc);
• collision with aircraft may cause harm to birds;
• air/noise pollution from air/vehicular traffic; and
• traffic congestion and additional impacts from transport of passengers and cargo associated with the facilities.

18. the outdoor racing of motor powered vehicles including –
    1. motorcars;
    2. trucks;
    3. motorcycles;
    4. quad bikes;
    5. boats; and
    6. jet skis;

• air and noise pollution from air/vehicular/water-based traffic;
• disturbance of wildlife and inhabitants in surrounding areas;
• soil and water pollution from fuel spillage;
• traffic congestion; and
• noise impact on sensitive species and breeding grounds.

19. the treatment of effluent, wastewater or sewage with an annual throughput capacity of more than 2 000 cubic metres but less than 15 000 cubic metres;

• groundwater and air pollution from improper waste management;
• visual and odour impacts;
• disease transmitted by scavengers on the dump (birds, rats, flies etc); and
• increased vehicular traffic from transport of waste to the site might result in spillage of waste.

Additional environmental impacts may result from improper disposal of the waste sludge.

20. marinas and the launching of watercraft on inland fresh water systems;

• damage to the ecosystem from construction;
• water, air and noise pollution from increased water-based traffic (e.g. boat motors leak oil);
• disturbance of aquatic organisms and of organisms and inhabitants in surrounding areas from increased traffic on land and offshore; and
• visual impacts if developed in pristine areas.

21. above ground cableways and funiculars;

• construction impacts on ecosystems (e.g. destruction or degradation of habitat);
• visual impacts of cableway or funicular built in a natural area; and
• increased access and human traffic in natural areas as a result of the facilities could cause long-term impact on the environment.

22. advertisements as defined in classes 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 3(a), 3(b), 3(l) of the South African Manual for Outdoor Advertising Control

1. facilities for the storage of material and the maintenance of vessels; fixed or floating jetties and slipways;
2. tidal pools;
3. embankments;
4. stabilising walls;
5. buildings; or
6. infrastructure.

• interruption of dynamic coastal ecosystem processes (dune migration);
• long-shore sand migration could affect the broader area (i.e. the entire cape peninsula has a complex linked sediment migration regime and interruption at one location could result in negative impacts around the entire peninsular);
• destruction and damage to sensitive coastal vegetation;
• immediate and long-term degradation of sensitive and essential breeding and nursery habitats for coastal and marine organisms (e.g. dunes, beaches, estuaries, coral reefs/seagrass beds) which could lead to long-term reductions of commercially important species (fish, shellfish etc);
• visual impacts;
• degradation from increased human traffic and resultant pollution in coastal areas;
• any hard structures (stabilising walls, embankments, buildings etc) will impact negatively on ecosystem processes which are very complex and dynamic in coastal areas;
• increased pollution can also lead to eutrophication (dead zones in water due to lack of oxygen) and harmful algal bloom events in coastal waters;
• construction will impact on ecosystems;
• pollution from maintenance activities (oil, heavy metals etc);
• introduction of invasive alien species from ballast water and other areas of vessels (i.e. mussels etc attaching to the bottom of boats);
• increased traffic congestion and resultant air/ noise and water pollution; and
• pollution from vessels (oil, litter, chemicals, cargo if vessels are grounded).

Dredging of the river or other water body bottom will release soil and other particulate matter into water which may result in suffocation of downstream organisms and habitats

Additional impacts, may include a loss of species.

• impacts on the ecosystem, habitat, plants and animals from construction of facilities and support infrastructure; and
• potential water/air/soil pollution through leakage or damage to storage facilities and the resulting health impacts on nearby inhabitants and ecosystems/organisms.

• degradation of ecosystems by destroying and changing habitat;
• water pollution from waste dumps;
• increased water and energy usage;
• noise and air pollution from transport and processing infrastructure;
• cultural and socio-economic impacts on surrounding inhabitants (benefits from mining are rarely shared with local communities); and
• influx of people could result in inflow of HIV/AIDS, other STDs, human transmittable diseases, prostitution, drugs, breakdown of social/cultural norms etc.

There will be environmental benefits to returning a waterway to its natural flow.

• habitat loss;
• erosion; and
• negative impact on populations of threatened species (vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered).

• reduction of groundwater supplies and, if done in excessive quantities, could supersede replenishment levels causing collapse of water supply;
• cumulative impacts of many people abstracting water from one groundwater source;
• leaching of soils and salt-water intrusion if the aquifer is nearby the coast; and
• Long-term impacts could be ecosystem degradation as well as subsidence (when the ground collapses), preventing the aquifer from being recharged and thus a total loss of a renewable resource.

1. masts of 15 metres and lower exclusively used
   1. by radio amateurs; or
   2. for lighting purposes
2. flag poles; and
3. lightning conductor poles

• visual impacts;
• ecosystem degradation from construction of masts and supporting infrastructure;
• disturbance of breeding sites (i.e. removal of trees in which birds nest).

• ecosystem degradation by creating a barrier between ecosystems;
• increasing road strikes of birds and wildlife (especially slow-moving organisms like frogs, tortoises);
• soil erosion; and
• interruption of ecosystem processes, especially if the road is built through sensitive areas (i.e streams, wetland or alongside coastal strip).

There may also be socio-economic opportunities and impacts. Increased access to remote areas may bring economic benefits but may also result in transmission of diseases like HIV, degradation of natural areas due to increased human visitation and negative impacts on local livelihoods and culture.

1. establish infill development covering an area of 5 hectares or more, but less than 20 hectares; or
2. residential, mixed, retail, commercial, industrial or institutional use where such development does not constitute infill and where the total area to be transformed is bigger than 1 hectare.

• ecosystem impacts associated with construction and development (e.g. habitat destruction, impacts to animals and plants);
• infilling of existing vacant lots could further reduce green urban areas and impact on remaining essential habitats (i.e. threatened mole species, birds);
• further fragmentation of ecosystems, destruction of ecosystem integrity and reduction of ecosystem services; and
• increased residential development in an area may increas demand for water and electricity supplies, and increase waste production and traffic congestion.

• ecosystem impacts associated with construction and development (e.g. habitat destruction, impacts to animals and plants); and
• Infilling of existing vacant lots could further reduce green urban areas and impact on remaining essential habitats (i.e. threatened mole species, birds), cause further fragmentation of ecosystems, destruction of ecosystem integrity and reduction of ecosystem services.

More residential development in an area may result in increased demand on water and electricity supplies, and increase waste production and traffic congestion.

• ecosystem degradation (e.g. impacts on plants, animals and habitat);
• increased traffic leading to congestion and more air pollution; and
• potential for increased pollution if waste from manufacturing is not processed correctly.

• a reduction of biodiversity;
• a weakening of genetic integrity of wild organisms through mixing with GMOs;
• replacement of indigenous populations with invasive alien GMOs; and
• unanticipated impacts on other species of flora and fauna in the ecosystem (i.e. interaction of GMOs with certain species of vegetation might destroy vegetation and catalyse soil degradation thereby having adverse effects on the entire ecosystem process).

1. electricity generation;
2. nuclear reactors and storage of nuclear fuel;
3. industrial activities where the facility or the land on which it is located is contaminated or has the potential to be contaminated by any material which may place a restriction on the potential to re-use the site for a different purpose;
4. the disposal of waste;
5. the treatment of effluent, wastewater and sewage with an annual throughput capacity of 15 000 cubic metres or more;
6. the recycling, handling, temporary storage or treatment of general waste with a daily throughput capacity of 20 cubic metres or more; or
7. the recycling, handling, temporary storage or treatment of hazardous waste.

1. electricity generation;
2. nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel storage; or
3. facilities for any process or activity, which require permission, authorisation, or further authorisation, in terms of legislation governing the release of emissions, pollution, effluent or waste prior to the facility being recommissioned.

• increased water/energy usage;
• increased pollution of air, soil and water from revived operations; and
• impacts on residential settlements that may have been built since decommissioning (i.e. settlements that have developed next to a facility that was not in operation may be impacted by air/water/soil pollution, increased water usage, noise, traffic.)